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Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

(1743-1794), French chemist, considered the founder of modern chemistry.

2.

LIFE

born August 26, 1743 in Paris, and studied at the Institute Mazarin. He graduated in law at age 21. In 1765 he wrote and published an article on how to improve the lighting in the streets of Paris, for which he received a gold medal of the Academy of Sciences. For an article on analysis of water samples was elected in 1768, member of that institution, which became manager in 1785 and treasurer in 1791. That same year he joined the Ferme Générale, a private tax collector for the government. In 1771 he married Marie Paulze, daughter of the director of the agency, who quickly became his best partner, doing illustrations for his books and translating articles written in English.

Lavoisier held various public offices, including state director of business for the manufacture of gunpowder in 1776, a member of a committee to establish a uniform system of weights and measures in 1790 and commissioner of the treasury in 1791. He tried to reform the monetary system and the French tax and agricultural production methods. As a former member of the Ferme Générale, was arrested and tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal and guillotined on May 8, 1794 ( see French Revolution).

3.

ITS INVESTIGATIONS

Lavoisier made the first truly quantitative chemical experiments. showed that in a chemical reaction, the amount of matter is the same at the end and the beginning of the reaction. These experiments provided evidence to the law of conservation of matter ( see conservation laws). We also investigated the composition of the water and called for oxygen and hydrogen components.

Some of the most important experiments of Lavoisier examined the nature of combustion , showing that is a process that produces the combination of a substance with oxygen. also revealed the role of oxygen in the respiration of animals and plants. Lavoisier's explanation of combustion replaced the phlogiston theory, hypothetical substance given off by burning materials.

With the French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet and others, Lavoisier devised a chemical nomenclature, or naming system, which underlies the modern system, the method described in chemical nomenclature (1787). In elementary chemistry Treaty (1789), Lavoisier clarified the concept of element as a simple substance that can not be broken by any known method of chemical analysis, and developed a theory of the formation of compounds from the elements. He also wrote on the combustion (1777) and considerations about the nature of the fatty (1778).